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BASIC CRIMINOLOGY
WHAT IS CRIMINOLGY ALL ABOUT ?
Criminolgy is little bit different subject or tpoic as the proper defination of it , varries along with the experts . As per common concept , " Crimnilogy is scientic and organisd study related to any crime with the extended level of the nature of the crime , causality of the crime and surley a measured system to Criminolgy and prevent further crime by somenting both the sudden and long term impact of any kind of criminal behavour to any single person , criminal and victim , and to overall society .
It has strong connection with psychology , sociology , cultural and economical approaches , those act from behind to violate the criminal laws .
As per many many scholars " Criminology " may be treated as
ETIOLOGY of criminal behavour . The main purpose of this study is to measure the responce of the society and indivudal to the crime and criminal and to controle it and along with the systemetic prevention and rehabitilation of the categorised criminals .
What is the basic difference between Criminology and Criminal justice ?
Criminology is the deeper study of both crimes , criminals and criminal behaviour and other aspects related to it while criminal justice is the application of criminology. The criminal justice system is not one authority.Where do the Criminologists work really ?
Criminologists usually work in an office environment, but they do travel occasionally. Typically, these individuals work for large law enforcement entities, government agencies, or social psychology labs at universities or similar institutions all the ways to judge the impact of crime on both victim and overall society , pattern of the crime , motive of the crime and a detailed work on each and every components , related to the crime .
VARIOUS OPINION ---
1) ELLIOT - Criminolgy is the study of crime ans and it's treatment .
2) WEBSTAR - The scientic study of crime as a social phenomenon or of criminals and their mental traits , habits and discioline .
3) LOMBROSO - Lombroso , the Italian Physician is comsidered as " THE FATHER OF CRIMINOLGY " and as per LOMBROSO , " Criminals are separate groups between Modern and Premitive humans " . He also mentioned that " The physical shape of head may be a factor for born criminals " .
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DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY
SUTHERLAND and CRESSY tried to make a prpoer classification to the study of Criminlogy regarding delequency and crime as social phenomona .
It was like ---
1) CREATING THE LAW.
2) BREAKING THE LAW .
3) REACTING TO THE PROCESS OF LAWS.
On this topic German Sociologist MAX WEBER made some significant points . Like ----
Scientific observation is the base for verifiable evidence . Facts to be described without any exploration or elaboration . Here the observation is needed to measure the degree of the crime with the systemetic , reasonable data without being affected by any personal view , belief , thinking like cultural , economical and societal structures . And this is ovservation is to be shared for next researchers .
PRACTICES OF CRIMINOLIGY -
Generally the Criminology is to be practiced through three major channels .
1 ) SOCIOLOGY OF CRIME - It is that particular branch of Criminology , where the nature of the crime , the extension , causality , controlling and prevention of criminal behabivour - are deeply studied . It can be considered as the linkage among society , criminal behaviour and crime . But the metrics could be in devienced form .
2) CRIMINAL ETIOLGY - It is a scientific and highly systemetic way to investigate about the source of the crime .
3) PENOLOGY - Technically this approach is one of the most conflicted part of Criminology . The word " Penology " is actually derived from the latin word , " POENA" , which refers to suffering or pain and finally the punishment .
Through out the ages , we experienced various kind of practices of PENOLOGY in the societies along with the ongoing trends . But as this trend is not fixed , but the impact of the crime , the impact of the punishment of the criminal are fixed - so there is always a conflict about the approaches of ," PENOLOGY " .
Many scholars raised about the main objectives of this study , whether the crime or criminal should be the major metric to measure the impact . GARAFALOW and FERRI like scholars added the BIOGENIC FACTOR -based on both BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL METRICS .
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THE METHODOLOGICAL SCOPE OF CRIMINILOGY
As the overall concept of life , safety , security , society etc are being changed very fastly , so along with the trend , in CRIMINOLOGY , various kind of scopes are being opened to work on . Most of the researchers focused on some basic metrics and schedule to ensure the practices of CRIMINOLOGY , throughout all the segments of society , so that the bigger view remains clear to all .
There are various kind of activities , those may not be illegal or crime , but is prohibited in many segments of society and the response of the society to the offenders may be varied with social , cultural , economical aspects .
Such as Consuming alcohol , adultry , investing in gambling and many activities are prohibited in most of the societies , but technically they are not illegal . And even though , when they are not illegal , but the activities connected to them , may violate the laws and easily can be treated as crime .
So here the overall approach is highly linked with Criminology .
Apart from normal trend of crime and criminal behaviour , the concept of " WHITE COLOR CRIME " is also under the research programs . Because " THE WHITE COLOR CRIME " is more and more dangerous than trending crime in both the long and short term impact . And the most critical point with the " WHITE COLOR CRIME " is absense of any fixed metrics to measure the crime and criminals . There is no fixed conception at all , as they are oftenly practiced by upper class people and supported by the rulers .
Common people neither has any conception nor those people who has conception , come ahead to protest and protect the common .
So most of Elected Govt have set some organisations to secure the common's life and ensure the the practices of Criminology . These are exrtemely vital .
1) Ensuuring the Law Enfoursement department like Police , Investigation agencies .
2) Judicial practices through Court , Tribunals , etc .
3) Upgradtion of correctotal and reformatories structures .
4) Growing the awarness through schools , colleges and finally encouraging the resaerchers to work freely .
FORENSIC STUDY AND CRIMINOLOGY
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The modern criminolgy is not just practiced in pen and paper , but these days it has strong connectivity with other segment of science in both methodological and applied system . Forensic Study is one of them . It works many segmental sciences like Bilogy , Physics , Chemistry , Psycholgy and many other branches .
Basically The Forensic Study deals with numberless systems and tools to classify the pattern of the crime and criminal behavibour and the Criminolgy is the study of the criminal behavibour , the social responce to both crime and criminal and surely reframing the society .
So today's criminology is not just within the criminal , crime , police and victim .
Rather it is a great ethical place to connect the students from Bilogy , Chemistry , Math , Language , Cyber Specility , Pshychology , Economics , Sociology and numberless branches .
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METHODS AND TECHNIQUES RELATED TO CRIMINOLOGY
There are numberless Methods and Techniques are applied to the study of Criminology . All these are highly scientific , experimented and effective too . Below some are mentioned .
1) SURVEY METHOD - Through some related and step by step questions are put here and these are asked to various kind of people from various ground to get the common and ongoing trend and to distiguish the different one . As a gross , this method is effective . But it has bad trend to generalize the majority . The questions are pre-structured and asked in a very formal way , without judging the automative response of the speakers . As it is not in a normal conversational mode , so there is no way to justify something in deeper , rather the approach may differ the results . Technically this method may be good to get in general , but for the indivudal and sensitive case , this is not so effective .
2) CASE STUDY METHOD - This method is more systematic and effective to Criminology . This method goes on with both generalising and distiguishing . Here are lot of ways to research on every case with different people , metrics and approaches . It generates more detailed and extensive links to cause of the crime , impact of the crime , the response of the society to both criminal and victim . This is time taking method , but highly effective to distinguish the pattern of the crime , criminal and sensitive case .
3) STATISTICAL METOD - This method deals with mainly with deta base , collected from case study method and survey method . As per many scholars this method is the ultimate way to simplify the trend of the crime and related areas from the complexcity .
4) EXPERIMENTAL METHOD - This is one of the most debated topic of criminolgy . In this type of methodological practices the Physical Scientists are being involved and apart from Psychological analysis , the offender has to be gone through various kind of medical process. In some cases , it also faces the conflict between the ethical right of both the offender and investigator . So even the method is much more systemetic and effective , but this is generally practiced in sensitive cases .
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THE THEORISM OF CRIMINOLOGY
Without any doubt , Criminology is today one of the highest researched subject with numberless branches of theory and practical experiments with Biology , Physics , Chemistry , Pshychology , Math , Anthropolgy , Forensic studies and many others .
Today now the level of both theory and experiments , we are having in Criminology , is no doubt to be of the combination of highest level knoweldge , attachment and devotion along with the growth of other branches of science also .
From testing the level of explossive to the case of financial fraud , from the case of Physical Rape to War Crime - everythings are the objects of Criminology and the experts are highly keen to make the analysis of each and every segments of the crime from various aspects , so that nothing and none can be injustified.
To establish the various aspects of Criminology - numberless scholars from various segments gave and are also giving their best with their Theories , based on practical deta and experiments . In short , this is the area , from where we get the basic concept of the " Theorism of Criminology" .
1) CLASSICAL THEORY OF CRIMINILOGY - In the year 1764 Dr Ceasare Beccaria first developed the constracted approach to Criminology and later this approach is now called " Classical Theory of Criminolgy " .
As per this theory The Crime is , " An act that dishonoured the social code conduct , it is harmful to personal safety and property of the indivudals in the society .
Through this theory Dr Beccaria tried to set four fundamentals as the areas to be secured first and foremost . Below are those points --
1) The right of basic freedom of an indivudal must be secured through the practice .
2) Same punishments should be practiced for all who commits the same crime .
3) Definite penalty should be attached to every crime in a generalised form by Judicial system .
4) The punishment should be restricted to social need. It's inflection is viatl so as to prevent others from commiting the same crime .
FOR MORE INFORMATION , YOU CAN CLICK ON --------
2) BIOLOGICAL OR BIOGENIC THEORY - Technically Biological and Biogenic Theory is also known as POSTIVIST THHEORY . Famous Italian Physician and Criminal Anthropology Specialist Dr Lombroso , who is also known as Father of Criminology - introduced the this theory . And later his theory was more supported by many other Criminologists . Apart from Ferri and Garafalow , Dr Charles , Goring Hooton and Sheldon were foucused on this Biogenic / Biological / Positivists Criminology . During 1810-1819 , these theorists added a newer dimension to Criminology .
In this theory they tried to modify a newer system of regulatory to measure the deapth of crime istead of controlling of crime . The main point remained on minimum to maximum punishment . Though as per them , the concept of Equal Justice is not just abstract , but was fully unreal .
So they tried to modify their theories with some basic metrics to judge the crime . These metrics were never before used in any systemetic study and practice of Criminology . These were age , gender , mental health of the offender and finally the causality of crime , which means the situation or background on which the crime was commited and the impact of this crime on both indivudal and society .
This is one of the mainstream study of criminology , where the theorists tried to generalize the the crimnal activists with their behavioural response along with biological factors like physical approaches , genetic formation , role of hormones etc.
Lombroso through his famous book " THEORY OF EVOLUTIONARY ATAVISM " introduced this theory .
later , Garafalow , one of the great thinker and follower of Lombroso , through his book " CRIMINOGIA " differed about the physical appoaches of criminal and rather he focused on " Psychic abnormality " in case of commiting the crime .
Dr Ferri , is another famous thinker of criminology and known as positivits criminologist , later added some more classifications to the criminal behavobiour or activity .
Along with the pattern , motive and impact of the crime , Dr Ferri classified the criminals in some sectors .
BELOW ARE THESE ----
1) Insane Criminal - This type of criminals could be the victim of previous unrecognised crime in various aspects of life . These could be bad parenting or neighbourhood , various kind of social deprivations those led them to chronic mental retardation .
The pattern of this crime could be totally different , And these criminals are not born criminal as said by Lombroso . But there could be many conditions those led them to practice the criminal behavibour . Oftenly the motive of these crimes are highly conflicting and the impact is also a bit deeper than it appears .
2) Habitual Criminal - Generally these type of criminals are not the by product of any particular culture and society , rather they own a different kind of genetic formation , which is treated as Biogenic factor from family background . These type criminals very naturally carry a tendency to break the law and set up the self instict in super power mode without caring the social code of conduct . They very oftenly commit the crime , which could be avoided totally . In a casual metric , may be the impact of their crime harms the indivudals most and less on overal society , but in a deeper aspect , they not only create the next generation criminals , raher they provoke the society in a whole to be more and more disturbed . And from this kind disturbed society and distributions - .
KNOW MORE ON --FACTORS OF BIO-GENIC THEORY OF CRIMINILOGY
3) SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY OF CRIMINOLOGY - Numberless scholars favoured " The Socilogical Theory of Criminilogy " as a greater cause of various kind of criminal activities . As per them , no one is born as a criminal even after having the heridity , rather they do not have any basic sense on good and bad , cold or hot , fire and and water . They adopt the knoweldge as " Learnt attitude " from the enviorment , where they belong to . So very technically , from the birth , through growing up and upto the criminal activity - society plays a vital role to form the psychological aspects of a person .
Here are some top factors from society to form a criminal activity ---
1) Hygine and Pathogenecity .
2) The relationship between the crime and social structutre .
3) Various kind of life linked factors .
4) Various kind of economical , cultural conflicts .
NOW READ SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND THE THEORISTS RELATED TO CRIMINOLOGICAL STUDY -----
PSYCHOGENIC OR PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF CRIME
Very technically Psychogenic Theory of Criminology deals with a system to modify the criminal behavbiour of any person through psychological investifation so that the main causality of this activity , may be opened and the person may get a proper rehabilitation to modify the self instinct , to be suited in the structured society .
Priorities of Psychogenic Theory of Criminology - Henry Goddard is considered as one of the top introducer of this theory . This process mainly focuses on some basic theories to make the connectivity among the criminal behavibour , the person and the situation . The top three areas of Psychogenic Criminology are like --1) Behavibour is largely the product of unconciousness psychological and biological forces . 2) Criminality is formed out of conflicts , those are related to basic drives or instincts .
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THE PSYCHOGENIC THEORY OF CRIMINOLOGY AND IT'S CONFLICTING AREAS , YOU CAN CLICK HERE------PSYCHOGENIC THEORY OF CRIMINOLOGY .
THANKS .
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